The 10th of Dhul Ḥijjah is known as Eid al-Aḍḥā [the festival of sacrifice]. It is a day of celebration for Muslims. The following three days of the 11th, 12th, and 13th are also an extension of the days of Eid.
This Eid is known as the ‘festival of sacrifice’ because it commemorates the incident where Prophet Ibrāhīm [Abraham] was ordered by God to sacrifice his only son. No human sacrifice really happened because it was only a test of obedience and devotion. Ibrāhīm was told to sacrifice an animal instead as a symbol of his obedience [see Qur’an 37:100-110 and contrast with the Bible Genesis 22:1-14]. It was a powerful reminder about the importance of sacrificing the things we love.
Praise Allah During these Days
There is a specific way to praise Allah during these days. The following phrase, known as the takbīrāt [glorifications], should be said out loud:
اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ، اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ، لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ، وَاللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ، اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ، وَلِلَّهِ الْحَمْدُ
“allāhu akbar, allāhu akbar, allāhu akbar, lā ilāha illallāh, allāhu akbar, allāhu akbar, wa lillāhi l-ḥamd”
“God is great, God is great, God is great, there is no god besides Allah, God is great, God is great, praise belongs to him”[1]
This formula should be said out loud by every Muslim right after each of the five daily prayers. Saying this begins on the 9th of Dhul Ḥijjah [Friday] after Fajr prayer and continues until the 13th of Dhul Ḥijjah [Tuesday] after ʿAsr prayer, making it a total of 23 times.[2] The phrase must be said at least once but it is better if you do it more than that. It is common to say it three times.
The Eid Prayer
On the morning of Eid al-Aḍḥā on the 10th, it is recommended to:
- take a bath/shower to be fresh and clean for the day and brush your teeth
- dress in your best clothes and try to smell nice by using some fragrance
Muslims from different mosques should gather in a large area, if possible, and pray together. This Eid prayer is obligatory on adult men, but it is recommended for women and children to attend as well, even women who are not praying due to their period.
On the morning of Eid you should take a bath and brush your teeth.[3] Also dress in your best clothes and try to smell nice by using some fragrance.[4] You will meet a lot of people so you should be fresh and clean for the day. The Messenger of Allah said: “This is a day of celebration [eid] which Allah has made for Muslims. So whoever comes for the Friday Prayer [jum`uah] should take a bath [or shower]. If you have some perfume then wear it. You should also make sure to brush your teeth.” (Source: Sunan Ibn Majah #1098) If that was recommended for Friday prayer, it is even more emphasized for Eid prayer. Also remember that it is prohibited for Muslims to fast on the days of Eid because they are days of celebration [which involves eating]
When you leave your house to attend the prayer, you should praise Allah on the way there by saying the takbīrāt out loud, as mentioned previously. When arriving at the gathering place there are no extra prayers recommended nor is there a call to prayer [adhān] or commence [iqāmah]. You should continue praising Allah until the prayer is about to start.
The Eid prayer is identical to the Fajr prayer except that extra takbīrs [saying ‘allāhu akbar’] are added while standing. The Imām [prayer leader] begins the prayer as usual and recites the opening supplication inaudibly with his hands folded, and the people praying behind him do the same. Then he raises his hands like at the beginning of prayer, says ‘allāhu akbar’ and lowers his hands to his sides, and everyone follows suit. This is done a total of seven times in the first unit, so that there is one initial takbīr to start the prayer and seven additional ones after that. After the final takbīr, the hands are folded and the recitation of the Qur’an begins as usual. The imam should recite sūrah al-aʿlā in the first unit. When he stands for the second unit of prayer, there are five extra takbīrs added while raising the hands as was done in the first unit. Then the prayer continues as normal. The imam should recite sūrah al-ghāshiyah in the second unit.[5]
When the prayer is finished, the imām will stand and deliver two sermons like on Friday. It is important for people not to start talking or walk away during these lectures.
The timing for the Eid prayer begins fifteen minutes after sunrise and lasts until high noon. The mosque(s) organizing the prayer will set a specific time at which the Muslims will gather within this timeframe. If someone misses the prayer, it cannot be made up, so make sure to reach on time.[6]
After the prayer and sermons are complete, it is recommended for people to greet each other. There is no specific way of greeting, but many Muslims will shake hands, hug each other, say ‘Happy Eid’ [eid mubārak] or ‘May Allah accept from us and you’ [taqabbal allāhu minnā wa minkum].
Animal Sacrifice (Udhiyah/Qurbani)
If you can afford it you must offer an animal sacrifice on Eid day.[7] If you own the equivalent of 3 ounces of gold ($5,376 as of 7-3-22), which includes the value of your personal items, then you must offer a sacrifice. Men, women, and adult children must pay for themselves.[8] This can be done on the 10th, 11th, or 12th day of Dhul Ḥijjah after the Eid Prayer finishes in the locality where the slaughter will take place.
The animal to be slaughtered is a sheep (6 months or older) or goat (1 year or older), or seven people can share in one cow (2 years or older) or camel (5 years or older), since they are much larger animals. The animal must not have a major defect such as missing an eye, ear, or tail, but missing a few teeth or having a broken horn is acceptable. You cannot give money as charity in place of an animal sacrifice, the same way you cannot substitute prayer with fasting, or vice versa, whenever you feel like.
You can give part of the animal in charity, feed part of it to friends and family, and keep some for yourself. You can also choose to give it all away or keep it all for yourself, but you cannot sell any part of it. If you find it difficult to physically purchase and slaughter an animal, you may pay someone on your behalf to perform the sacrifice and distribute the meat. Here are some organizations that do this and distribute the meat to the poor and needy in various parts of the world: ICNA Relief, Islamic Relief, Helping Hand, Life, Mercy Without Limits, or Baitulmaal. Remember that it is preferred to offer an animal sacrifice in your own area, because that is where you earned the money which made you well-off, and because helping people in your own locality takes priority under normal circumstances. However, if you offer an animal in another region or country, it is recommended to pay the amount you would have had you done it locally, since the cost of animals differ from place to place.
Sacrificing an animal is not an act of cruelty. Animals have been created by Allah for the benefit of humans. They exist for us to use, but not abuse. There is no doubt that due to greed and consumption demands, many animals are being abused nowadays. Islam teaches the balance between benefitting from animals but not abusing or mistreating them.
Happy Eid
[Shaykh] Mustafa Umar
[1] It is also common to say ‘allāhu akbar’ three times. Both ways are fine, and there are other, similar phrases that can be said as well, since the instruction in the Qur’an in Al-Baqarah 2:185 is general. Also see Ibn Abī Shaybah, Al-Muṣannaf, #5650-5651, #5653-5654; Al-Albānī, Irwā’ Ul-Ghalīl, 3:125; Ibn ʿArabī, Al-Jāmiʿ li Aḥkām Al-Qur’ān, 2:307.
[2] Imām Abū Ḥanīfah said that the takbīrāt are only on the 9th and 10th, so for eight prayers. His students disagreed with him. Some scholars said they should be done from the first of Dhul Ḥijjah based on the verse in Al-Hajj 22:28, making thirteen days in all.
[3] See Muwaṭṭa’ #428
[4] See Ibn Khuzaymah #1756
[5] Note that there is another way to perform the Eid prayer with three extra takbīrs in each unit. Consult an expert in Islamic Law for more details.
[6] Some scholars are of the view that it can be.
[7] This is the view of the Ḥanafī school. See Kitāb al-Ikhtiyār 5:20. Other scholars considered it highly recommended but not required.
[8] One family member can pay on behalf of another as a gift only if there is no pressure or expectation to do so. There usually is so I suggest avoiding this altogether.